The unintended consequences of regulatory complexity: The case of cruise tourism in Arctic Canada     

《Marine Policy》2017

The cruise tourism industry in the Canadian Arctic has the potential be an important contributor to the northern economy, but undue complexity in the permitting and regulatory process represents a major barrier to cruise operators and as a result seems to be limiting development potential and other cultural and educational benefits related to tourism in the region. Based on a set of interviews and follow-up interviews with Arctic cruise operators and government permit issuers (n=48), investigative phone calls (n=22), and follow-up verification calls (n=20+), analysis of the management system that currently governs cruise tourism in Arctic Canada is provided including recommendations for improvement. There are currently over 30 permits, approvals, and notification processes for cruise companies operating in the Canadian Arctic (collective called ‘permits and permissions'). Permits and permissions are required for vessel safety, environmental protection, gaining access to national parks, and visiting heritage and archaeological sites among others. They are issued by numerous agencies under multiple jurisdictions and statutes with no integration or organizing system. The result is a process that is overly complex, repetitious, and costly for operators. In comparison, the permitting systems in Greenland and Svalbard are more streamlined, causing some cruise companies to consider abandoning Canadian waters in favour of these less bureaucratic regions. Federal and territorial attention is required to create efficiencies in the cruise permitting process in Arctic Canada if the economic, socio-cultural, and educational benefits of the industry are to be fully realized.  相似文献   

The impact of composition on pore throat size and permeability in high maturity shales: Middle and Upper Devonian Horn River Group,northeastern British Columbia,Canada     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

Shale reservoirs of the Middle and Upper Devonian Horn River Group provide an opportunity to study the influence of rock composition on permeability and pore throat size distribution in high maturity formations. Sedimentological, geochemical and petrophysical analyses reveal relationships between rock composition, pore throat size and matrix permeability.In our sample set, measured matrix permeability ranges between 1.69 and 42.81 nanodarcies and increases with increasing porosity. Total organic carbon (TOC) content positively correlates to permeability and exerts a stronger control on permeability than inorganic composition. A positive correlation between silica content and permeability, and abundant interparticle pores between quartz crystals, suggests that quartz may be another factor enhancing the permeability. Pore throat size distributions are strongly related to TOC content. In organic rich samples, the dominant pore throat size is less than 10 nm, whereas in organic lean samples, pore throat size distribution is dominantly greater than 20 nm. SEM images suggest that in organic rich samples, organic matter pores are the dominant pore type, whereas in quartz rich samples, the dominant type is interparticle pores between quartz grains. In clay rich and carbonate rich samples, the dominant pore type is intraparticle pores, which are fewer and smaller in size.High permeability shales are associated with specific depositional facies. Massive and pyritic mudstones, rich in TOC and quartz, have comparatively high permeability. Laminated mudstone, bioturbated mudstone and carbonate facies, which are relatively enriched in clay or carbonate, have fairly low permeability.  相似文献   

Early Proterozoic palaeomagnetism: new results from the intrusives and related rocks of the Karelian, Belomorian and Kola provinces, eastern Fennoscandian Shield     

M. A. Fedotova  A. N. Khramov  B. N. Pisakin  & A. A. Priyatkin 《Geophysical Journal International》1999,137(3):691-712

  相似文献   

Precise Re–Os mineral isochron and Pb–Nd–Os isotope systematics of a mafic–ultramafic sill in the 2.0 Ga Onega plateau (Baltic Shield)     

I.S Puchtel  G.E Brügmann  A.W Hofmann 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1999,170(4):602-461

We present Re–Os, Sm–Nd and Pb–Pb isotope and trace element data for the Konchozero sill, a layered mafic–ultramafic intrusion in the Early Proterozoic Onega plateau, one of the oldest continental flood basalt provinces on Earth. The Sm–Nd and Pb–Pb combined mineral and whole-rock isochron ages of 1988±34 and 1985±57 Ma for the sill coincide with the age of ferropicrites from Pechenga (the Kola Peninsula). The lithostratigraphic, chemical and isotope evidence suggest the derivation of Pechenga lavas and the Onega plateau volcanics from a single mantle plume. Peridotite and gabbro whole-rock samples, and primary ulvospinel and ilmenite mineral separates from the sill yield a Re–Os isochron with a slope corresponding to an age of 1969±18 Ma, γ_Os(T) =−0.61±5.9. This age is consistent with the other isotope data, and indicates the closed-system behavior of Re and Os in the rocks. The peridotites and ulvospinel have high Os concentrations (2.5–14 ppb) and low ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios (0.35–1.1), thus allowing a more accurate determination of the weighted average initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os of 0.1144±0.0019 (2σ_pop), γ_Os(T) =+0.77±1.7. This value is lower than that determined by Walker et al. (Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 (1997) 3145–3160) for the Pechenga lavas (γ_Os(T) =+6.1±0.7), and implies a substantial Os-isotope heterogeneity in this ancient plume. Compared to the Onega plateau primary basalt magma, Pechenga ferropicrites are relatively enriched in iron and Ni, have lower (Nb/Th)_N ratios (2.1 vs 1.1) and less radiogenic Nd-isotope compositions (_Nd(T) = +3.1 and +1.4, respectively), but share similar low-radiogenic Pb-isotope characteristics (μ₁=8.57 and 8.60). Incorporation of small amounts (1.5%) of outer core material into the hotter central part of the plume and subsequent contamination of the Pechenga ferropicritic magmas with the 2.9 Ga Belomorian gneisses can explain the observed chemical and isotope variations in the two provinces provided that the core had <0.25 ppm of Pb.  相似文献   

Origin,age and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic composite dikes from the Arabian‐Nubian Shield,SW Jordan     

G. Jarrar  G. Saffarini  A. Baumann  H. Wachendorf 《Geological Journal》2004,39(2):157-178

The evolution of a Pan‐African (c. 900–550 Ma) suite of composite dikes, with latite margins and rhyolite interiors, from southwest Jordan is discussed. The dikes cut the Neoproterozoic calc‐alkaline granitoids and high‐grade metamorphic rocks (c. 800–600 Ma) of the northern Arabian‐Nubian Shield in Jordan and have been dated by the Rb‐Sr isochron method at 566±7 Ma. The symmetrically distributed latite margins constitute less than one‐quarter of the whole dike thickness. The rhyolite intruded a median fracture within the latite, while the latter was still hot but completely solidified. The dikes are alkaline and bimodal in composition with a gap in SiO₂ between 61 and 74 wt%. Both end members display similar chondrite‐normalized rare earth element patterns. The rhyolites display the compositional signature of A‐type granites. The (La/Lu)_N values are 6.02 and 4.91 for latites and rhyolites, respectively, and the rhyolites show a pronounced negative Eu anomaly, in contrast to the slight negative Eu anomaly of the latites. The chemical variability (e.g. Zr/Y, Zr/Nb, K/Rb) within and between latites and rhyolites does not support a fractional crystallization relationship between the felsic and mafic members of the dikes. We interpret the magma genesis of the composite dikes as the result of intrusion of mantle‐derived mafic magma into the lower crust in an extensional tectonic regime. The mafic magma underwent extensive fractional crystallization, which supplied the necessary heat for melting of the lower crust. The products of the initial stages of partial melting (5–10%) mixed with the fractionating mafic magma and gave rise to the latite melts. Further partial melting of the lower crust (up to 30%) produced a felsic melt, which upon 50% fractional crystallization (hornblende 15%, biotite 5%, feldspars 60%, and quartz 20%) gave rise to the rhyolitic magma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

西加拿大波利尔平原地表水富营养化管理技术     

E. E. Prepas  T. P. Murphy  G. Lawrence  P. A. Chambers  R. D. Robarts  W. M. Tonn  J. M. Burke  S. Reedyk 《湖泊科学》1998,10(S1):25-30

Surface waters in western Canada often experience eutrophication-related problems with water quality, specifically high internal phosphorus loading rates and excessive phytoplankton and macrophyte production, that lead to water column anoxia and restricted fisheries habitat. A group of researchers from across Canada were involved for a seven-year period in cooperative programs for surface water quality management in western Canada, based at the University of Alberta. This paper summarises information on two techniques, hypolimnetic oxygenation and lime (Ca₂CO₃ and Ca(OH)₂) application, used in western Canada (specifically, the province of Alberta) to manage eutrophication in standing waters (lakes and reservoirs).  相似文献   

地震流动观测防护罩集成优化与效果分析     

宫杰  居海华  鲍海英  立凯  单菡  王佳 《震灾防御技术》2020,15(4):855-867

为提升地震流动观测质量,适应恶劣条件下野外长期工作,研制集传感器、供电、通讯网络三大模块于一体的流动观测仪器整体防护罩。利用2套GL-PS2一体化短周期地震仪进行对比观测,一套安装于南京台室内基岩观测墩,另一套配备防护罩浅层掩埋于户外。结果表明新型研制的观测仪整体集成防护罩具有以下优点:①保温性能好,内部环境日温差小于3℃,月温度变化小于5℃。②防水性好,经历多次暴雨大雪天气后,防护罩内部干燥,无水滴或结露现象。③台基噪声略优于室内观测墩。④2台设备相关系数垂直向优于水平向,夜晚优于白天。⑤地震记录波形相关系数均在0.6以上,震级越大,相关性越高,且信噪比差距较小。  相似文献